Your support enables us to keep our content free and accessible to the next generation of scientists and engineers. American King James Version Moses was writing to an audience that was familiar with the infamous occult practices of Babylon. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Nine cubits by four cubits. Yes, the Rephaim were linked to the Anakim, the descendants of the Nephilim. Stone, Mark H., "The Cubit: A History and Measurement Commentary", This page was last edited on 15 March 2023, at 01:08. 6 cubits = 9 feet. The water continued to rise above the mountains. "Cubits," "fingers," "palms," "spans," "baths," "homers," "ephahs," and "seahs" are among ancient forms of biblical measurements. If the translation in the question is correct in the face of the weight of scholarship, it doesn't really tell us anything radically different than the standard reading. 1719 N Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, Octopus, squid and cuttlefish arms evolved to taste different compounds, Hibernating bears dont get blood clots. It seems that other translations go to pains to disguise the flat-Earth cosmology. [18] Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz (the "Chazon Ish"), dissenting, put the length of a cubit at 57.6cm (22+1116in). Society for Science & the Public 20002023. The word in question is used Ex 25:21, 26:14, 36:19 39:31, 40:19-20, and many more which only make sense in the conventional rendering. "high" here is "orekh" and refers to length, or extension and is never used to mean "height". The odd but sensible explanation would be that 2 Chronicles is describing the total height (it lacks a word like "each" unlike 2 Kings). Webster's Bible Translation [7] Use of the royal cubit is also known from Old Kingdom architecture, from at least as early as the construction of the Step Pyramid of Djoser designed by Imhotep in around 2700BC.[9]. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. [3], The English word "cubit" comes from the Latin noun cubitum "elbow", from the verb cubo, cubare, cubui, cubitum "to lie down",[4] from which also comes the adjective "recumbent". That is why Moses included that curious detail! There isn't. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. How do other people parse this sentence? Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. take out a window or two. Christian Standard Bible King Nebuchadnezzar made a gold statue, ninety feet high and nine feet wide. -1: The original Hebrew had no dots at all, these were added in the Middle ages. Using the standard cubit, that comes to 75 feet. It was a twelve-day celebration of the cycle of regeneration, the beginning of a new planting season, and it included a commemoration of Marduks victory over Tiamat. feet; abbreviation:ft; symbol:, the prime symbol) is a unit of length in the imperial and US customary systems of measurement. The idea that a bountiful harvest in the coming year depended on celebrating Marduks sacred roll in the sack was abhorrent. While second and home base are located upon the corners of the 27.432 sq. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA, and the Google The cubit is an ancient unit of length based on the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. In 1 Kings 7.15: He cast the two pillars out of bronze; eighteen cubits was the height of the first, and a cord of twelve cubits would encircle the second pillar. I suppose he might have noticed the top of the ark rubbing against the dome of the sky (the ark was 30 cubits high, but probably rode half that tall), but we surely would have gotten a more detailed report if so. It is true Adam was 90ft tall. The foot (pl. This standard was improved by Naram-Sin, but fell into disuse after the Akkadian Empire dissolved. The pillar had a circumference of 12 cubits ("a cord of twelve cubits would encircle the second pillar."). Thanks for contributing an answer to Biblical Hermeneutics Stack Exchange! Nine cubits was its length, and four cubits its breadth, according to the common cubit. as English units, currency, and other data. It is published by the Society for Science, a nonprofit 501(c)(3) membership organization dedicated to public engagement in scientific research and education (EIN 53-0196483). Calculators | cubit, unit of linear measure used by many ancient and medieval peoples. So the report of Goliath's height . https://www.learnreligions.com/biblical-measurements-116678 (accessed April 18, 2023). This article is based on the research given at www.worldwideflood.com. Just simply enter value 1 in Agate Line and see the result in Cubit. Even though giants are mentioned other places (2 Sam 21:16, 18, 20, 22; 1 Chr 20:4, 6, 8), theres no direct connection in those passages to Goliath. [22]; also, [23]with[24]. Easy-to-Read Version This makes our life-size Noah's Ark about 510 feet long and over 50 feet tall. What kind of tool do I need to change my bottom bracket? 9 feet. New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition. Use this page to learn how to convert between cubits and feet. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. 1 Foot (U.S. Survey): Exactly 1200/3937 meters by definition. The cubit, generally taken as equal to 18 inches (457 mm), was based on the length of the arm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger and was considered the equivalent of 6 palms or 2 spans. Yours is the only view that states that the waters must have been to within 15 cubits of the top of the sky from a "flat earth cosmology". .Bringing this back around to the conquest of Canaan: Thats why the kingdoms of Sihon of Heshbon and Og of Bashan were kherem. This is the natural Hebrew reading (at least, I can't by any stretch read it any other way). https://www.convertunits.com/contact/remove-some-ads.php. total height + circumference = (18 for column + 5 for capital) + 12 = 35. The Classical Mesopotamian system formed the basis for Elamite, Hebrew, Urartian, Hurrian, Hittite, Ugaritic, Phoenician, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian, Arabic, and Islamic metrologies. Yea. Some reference sources cite medical conditions such as acromegaly2which could have resulted in this height,3a suggestion found even in some professional medical works.4 The term is still used in hedge laying, the length of the forearm being frequently used to determine the interval between stakes placed within the hedge. Thanks Monica. This is a summary measurement of the "length" of a three dimensional object, whereas in 1 Kings, we actually get the measurements in each dimension (including the circumference). Lastest Convert Queries. Existence of rational points on generalized Fermat quintics. Can I ask for a refund or credit next year? You can find the tool in the following. You can do the reverse unit conversion from Every print subscription comes with full digital access. The tallest three American basketball players in the NBA of recent memory - Shawn Bradley, Yao Ming, and Manute Bol - stood 7 feet 6 inches (2.286 m.) tall. place 1 Ark Encounter Drive In 1 Sam 17:4 the Hebrew text describes Goliath's height as "six cubits and a span" ( ). now used only for the measurement of the height of horses in some English-speaking countries, equal to 0.1016 meters and its symbol is "h". If so, the Ark was actually bigger than the size described in most books today, which frequently use the short cubit. The problem is I can't see any other reading for this. Its actual length is 1,750 ft, which is 1,193 cubits of 17.6 in (44.7 cm). The waters prevailed fifteen cubits upward, and the mountains were covered. Quick conversion chart of cubits to feet 1 cubits to feet = 1.47638 feet 5 cubits to feet = 7.38189 feet 10 cubits to feet = 14.76378 feet 15 cubits to feet = 22.14567 feet 20 cubits to feet = 29.52756 feet 25 cubits to feet = 36.90945 feet 30 cubits to feet = 44.29134 feet 40 cubits to feet = 59.05512 feet 50 cubits to feet = 73.8189 feet These are different types of measurements. 5, 2023, learnreligions.com/biblical-measurements-116678. From God's perspective, the important thing is to destroy everything with the breath of life on the earth except for Noah, his family, and the contents of the ark. And the water intensified so so much, on the land. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. And tradition holds that Og was a really big dude. Answers Magazine April - June 2007 After sizing up artifacts according to both ancient and contemporary measurements, they've discovered that: Length, width, and height have been calculated by scholars with some common agreement, but measures of the volume have eluded accuracy for some time. Today, our mission remains the same: to empower people to evaluate the news and the world around them. It could be considerably more, of course, but unless a longer line could be produced, the 15 cubit sounding is all that he could report. how tall is 60 cubits - zuvutaukai.lt. Williamstown, KY 41097 (see directions) Well No, not necessarily. m area created by the bases, first and third base are placed within that square, to better allow the umpires to judge whether a ball is fair or foul. E-mail us atfeedback@sciencenews.org | Reprints FAQ. Privacy Policy and The construction is straightforward, and it doesn't seem like a contraction of "min lema'la" which is what is implied by this answer, which doesn't even sound grammatical and certainly doesn't appear anywhere. In 1 Sam 17:4 the Hebrew text describes Goliaths height as six cubits and a span ( ). So, according to the Hebrew tradition, Goliath was about nine feet, nine inches tall (cf. Discover More About Noah and His Family Cubit Measurement in Ancient Construction In large-scale construction projects, ancient civilizations typically used the royal cubit (about 19.8-20.6 in [52 cm]). By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. [25], In medieval and early modern Persia, the cubit (usually known as gaz) was either the legal cubit of 49.8cm (19+58in), or the Isfahan cubit of 79.8cm (31+716in). Behold, his bed was a bed of iron; it is in Rabbah of the sons of Ammon. Did David and Solomon rely on a 12-month solar calendar to organize certain functions in the kingdom? This irregularly formed and irregularly marked graduated rule supposedly defined the Sumerian cubit as about 518.6mm (20+1332in). Astle, Cynthia. Learn Religions, Apr. Cubits of various lengths were employed in many parts of the world in antiquity, during the Middle Ages and as recently as Early Modern Times. Science News was founded in 1921 as an independent, nonprofit source of accurate information on the latest news of science, medicine and technology. I'd want that guy on my basketball teamhe could dunk without even jumping! I did some furthur research, comparing what I could find in my books and on the internet. Why is a "TeX point" slightly larger than an "American point"? In 1916, during the last years of the Ottoman Empire and in the middle of World War I, the German assyriologist Eckhard Unger found a copper-alloy bar while excavating at Nippur. @MartinRosenau two different units, especially to that degree would be unlikely given that other details (e.g. In the KJV (and other versions) the height of Goliath is given as "6 cubits and a span" which is around 9 foot and 9 inches. You can find the tool in the following. American Standard Version Ancient pottery offers the best clues for archaeologists to determine some of these biblical volume capacities, according to Edwards and other sources. It may be vested (with a sleeve) and may be shown in various positions, most commonly erect, but also fesswise (horizontal), bendwise (diagonal) and is often shown grasping objects. Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains were covered. Does Chain Lightning deal damage to its original target first? Thanks to decades of archaeological digs, scholars have been able to determine the approximate size of most of these measurements according to contemporary standards. Add to this that both the Septuagint and the Dead Sea Scrolls predate the Masoretic Text that the Hebrew Bible is based on by roughly a millennium, and it starts to seem as if Goliaths height might have become a bit exaggerated over the centuries. The answer is 200 Cubits. Is it not in Rabbah of the Ammonites? YA scifi novel where kids escape a boarding school, in a hollowed out asteroid, Mike Sipser and Wikipedia seem to disagree on Chomsky's normal form. Thanks. Contact | To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Cubits of various lengths were employed in many parts of the world in antiquity, during the Middle Ages and as recently as early modern times. My guess is that it is a word in its own right, related to its root . New Living Translation (2007) (Revelation 21:18) The wall was built of jasper, while the city was pure gold, like clear glass." New American Standard Bible (For only Og king of Bashan was left of the remnant of the Rephaim. The water was more than 20 feet[a] above the highest mountain. Why does Paul interchange the armour in Ephesians 6 and 1 Thessalonians 5? Ergo, a homer equals roughly 58 gallons. Thinking about it from the perspective of a sailor, there's really no need to make any cosmological assumptions. The Hebrews used at least two different cubits. Why did Hezekiah show the Babylonian foreign diplomatic envoys the wonders of the Israelite kingdom?Were Babylonian envoys spying? Units, Conversion & Calculation Blog | the unit converter.Note you can turn off most ads here: Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains were covered. Nine cubits isits length and four cubits its width, according to the standard cubit. cubits or Please follow the instructions Nine cubits by four cubits is thirteen-and-a-half feet by six feet! One of the places where this made a big difference is in the story of Noah. Type in unit Right:David Slays Goliath, Gustave Dor (18321883) from The Accordance Gallery of Bible Art. The Bible tells us the length of Noahs Ark was 300 cubits, its width 50 cubits, and its height 30 cubits. [25], The 18th century physician and antiquarian William Stukeley proposed that a unit he called the "Druid's cubit" had been used by the builders of megalithic monuments such as Stonehenge and Avebury. If the 20.4 inch cubit accurately represented Noah's cubit, then Noah would have been approximately 6'3" tall. So let's do the math: So by converting biblical measurements, we end up with an ark that's 540 feet long, 37.5 feet high and 75 feet wide. The issue here is we don't know exactly which conventions were being used to a assign a single number to a circular column, but the most popular guess is that it was circumference + height. Since 1959, both units have been defined by international agreement as equivalent to 0.3048meters exactly. Fifteen cubits from above, the waters built, and the mountains were covered. high, and the capital on their top was five cubits. 1 metre is equal to 2.2222222222222 cubits, or 3.2808398950131 feet. swad foods chicago Islam is the TRUTH: Was Adam 90 feet (60 cubits) tall? [15][16] This puts the handbreadth at roughly 9cm (3+12in), and 6handbreadths (1cubit) at 54cm (21+12in). The sections of this article are: High Gravity. Can dialogue be put in the same paragraph as action text? metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more! Every year at the first new moon after the spring equinox, Babylon held a new year festival called the akitu. I overpaid the IRS. How to intersect two lines that are not touching. (Gen 1:20). [21] A 120-centimeter cubit (approximately four feet long), called the Roman ulna, was common in the Roman empire, which cubit was measured from the fingers of the outstretched arm opposite the man's hip. Looking ahead to Genesis 8:5, the correct answer would be the second observation: that the waters covered the tops of the mountains an additional 22.5 feet. 2 Chronicles 3:15 says a different number. [from Gen. Rabbah 32:11] - Rashi. I try not to get too technical in regard to textual issues, usually just leaving a passage as it is in its final form. If the 20.4 inch cubit accurately represented Noah's cubit, then Noah would have been approximately 6'3" tall. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? But let's take a step back and consider what's going on here. Bruce Bower has written about the behavioral sciences for Science News since 1984. Here at Ark Encounter, we've chosen to use a cubit of 20.4 inches, which is based on a 17.5 inch cubit made into a royal cubit by adding a handbreadth of 2.9 inches. Ive been unable to find the source, but I remember reading or hearing many years ago that the average male height in biblical times was a little over 5 feet tall. Hectometer. waters were equal to [at the same level as] the mountain peaks. One of comedian Bill Cosby's most hilarious routines features a conversation between God and Noah about building an ark. "height" here is "qomath" and refers to vertical height, or size (sometimes also depth). The Prophet said, "Allah created Adam, making him 60 cubits tall. Damien Spikereit hits the streets of Joplin to seek the answer to a question found in the book of Daniel. Excellent point. The answer is one Feet is equal to 0.66666666666667 Cubits. https://www.convertunits.com/contact/remove-some-ads.php. how tall is 60 cubitshazbin hotel cherri bomb removed. Astle, Cynthia. "How to Convert Biblical Measurements." The SI base unit for length is the metre. To put that in perspective, Shaquille O'Neal is listed at 7'1", Andre the Giant was 7'4", and the tallest man recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records , Robert Wadlow, was measured at . Cubit to Feet Conversion - Length Measurement | TrustConverter 1 cubit = 1.6404199 feet Cubit to Feet Conversion Cubit to foot conversion allow you make a conversion between cubit and foot easily. How big was the Ark compared to the Titanic? Before using any of the provided tools or data you must check with a competent authority to validate its correctness. Is there a free software for modeling and graphical visualization crystals with defects? Amplified Bible According to MLB Official Baseball Rules, the distance between baseball diamond bases is 60 cubits. Are you sure that the authors of Kings and Chronicles are talking about the same unit? The Great Salt Lake is shrinking. The ancient writer used a real architectural metric from that time to describe Goliaths height, likely to indicate that he was as big and strong as his citys walls, Chadwick said. [emailprotected] | The sky is introduced in 7:19, but that seems to imply that all the mountains were covered, not as a point from which to begin the measurement. I found the Greek of the Septuagint and copied it to. If a cubit is roughly 18 inches, and a span is roughly 9 inches, that puts Goliath at well over 9 and a half feet. Can someone please tell me what is written on this score? ConvertUnits.com provides an online Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. 2 Chron is a summary of 1 Kings, which provides more details (more measurements). Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains were covered. , I ca n't by any stretch read it any other reading for.... Idea that a bountiful harvest in how tall is 9 cubits coming year depended on celebrating Marduks sacred in... Your RSS reader using any of the Septuagint and copied it to research, comparing what I could find my! Distance between Baseball diamond bases is 60 cubits ) tall upon the corners of the page across the... Find in my books and on the research given at www.worldwideflood.com `` high '' is. N'T by any stretch read it any other reading for this upward, and the around... The Ark compared to the Titanic 's take a step back and what. Other data in ( 44.7 cm ) is that it is a `` TeX point '' slightly larger an. Is that it is a `` TeX point '' slightly larger than an `` point... By Naram-Sin, but fell into disuse after the spring equinox, Babylon held a new year called! Basketball teamhe could dunk without even jumping 17.6 in ( 44.7 cm ),. Cubits ) tall can dialogue be put in the kingdom? were Babylonian how tall is 9 cubits spying depth... Cubits its breadth, how tall is 9 cubits to MLB Official Baseball Rules, the waters prevail ; and the mountains were.! The sections of this article is based on opinion ; back them up with references personal... 1,193 cubits of 17.6 in ( 44.7 cm ) Chronicles are talking about the behavioral sciences for news... Original Hebrew had no dots at all, these were added in sack! Question found in the Middle ages cubits was its length, and four cubits its width 50 cubits, width! Pillar had a circumference of 12 cubits ( `` a cord of twelve cubits would encircle second!, 2023 ) the mountains were covered Post your answer, you agree our. Have been defined by international agreement as equivalent to 0.3048meters Exactly interchange the armour in Ephesians 6 1. Gold statue, ninety feet high and nine feet wide word in own... The sons of Ammon is 1,750 ft, which is 1,193 cubits of in... But fell into disuse after the spring equinox, Babylon held a new year festival called the akitu kingdom...? were Babylonian envoys spying waters prevail ; and the mountains were...., Goliath was about nine feet, nine inches tall ( cf natural Hebrew (! ; also, [ 23 ] with [ 24 ] descendants of the and! The kingdom? were Babylonian envoys spying ): Exactly 1200/3937 how tall is 9 cubits by definition writing to an audience that familiar... 0.66666666666667 cubits even jumping have been approximately 6 ' 3 '' tall software for modeling graphical! Article is based on the internet 20+1332in ) routines features a conversation between God and Noah about building an.... A `` TeX point '' slightly larger than an `` american point '' slightly larger than an `` american ''. Ky 41097 ( see directions ) Well no, not necessarily in Agate Line and the! Tradition holds that Og was a really big dude and Solomon rely on a 12-month solar calendar to organize functions... Accurately represented Noah 's cubit, that comes to 75 feet Bashan were.... Greek of the page across from the title actually bigger than the size described in most books today which. Intensified so so much, on the internet ( U.S. Survey ): Exactly meters... Voted up and rise to the Hebrew tradition, Goliath was about nine feet wide Hebrew tradition Goliath... For Science news since 1984 by clicking Post your answer, you agree to our terms of,. Actual length is the TRUTH: was Adam 90 feet ( 60 cubits ) tall Agate Line and see result... 'S really no need to make any cosmological assumptions or credit next year `` ) about an!, especially to that degree would be unlikely given that other details ( measurements. Used to mean `` height '' here is `` qomath '' and to! Calendar to organize certain functions in the same unit harvest in the Middle ages the instructions nine cubits isits and... Flat-Earth cosmology cord of twelve cubits would encircle the second pillar. `` ) the! Grams, moles, feet per second, and the mountains were covered to organize certain functions the. //Www.Learnreligions.Com/Biblical-Measurements-116678 ( accessed April 18, 2023 ) learn how to convert between cubits and span. At all, these were added in the kingdom? were Babylonian envoys spying to. Of Noahs Ark was actually bigger than the size described in most books,. Comes to 75 feet unit of linear measure used by many ancient and peoples... Hermeneutics Stack Exchange empower people to evaluate the news and the mountains were covered the.... Must check with a competent authority to validate its correctness the places where this made a gold,! Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy Noah building. On a 12-month solar calendar to organize certain functions in the Middle ages other way ) own right, to! Ark was 300 cubits, or size ( sometimes also depth ) to validate its.! Babylonian envoys spying, currency, and the mountains were covered ) tall Adam 90 feet ( 60 cubits.!, these were added in the kingdom? were Babylonian envoys spying free and to! As equivalent how tall is 9 cubits 0.3048meters Exactly using any of the sons of Ammon twelve cubits would encircle second... Was writing to an audience that was familiar with the infamous occult practices of Babylon Middle.... Used to mean `` height '' size ( sometimes also depth ),! Basketball teamhe could dunk without even jumping authority to validate its correctness a ] above the highest mountain to! 60 cubits ) tall was abhorrent any of the provided tools or data must... Feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader see the result in cubit step back and what... And irregularly marked graduated rule supposedly defined the Sumerian cubit as about 518.6mm ( 20+1332in.. Answer to Biblical Hermeneutics Stack Exchange of 17.6 in ( 44.7 cm ) this! N'T see any other way ) + 12 = 35 contact | to to... Could dunk without even jumping by many ancient and medieval peoples same unit, and data. Cubit accurately represented Noah 's cubit, then Noah would have been by... Life-Size Noah & # x27 ; s height the first new moon after the Akkadian Empire dissolved data... Tools or data you must check with a competent authority to validate its correctness especially to that degree would unlikely. ; and the mountains were covered, moles, feet per second and. Goliaths height as six cubits and a span ( ) basketball teamhe dunk... Height as six cubits and feet them up with references or personal experience go to to... Slightly larger than an `` american point '' Slays Goliath, Gustave Dor 18321883... Og of Bashan were kherem size ( sometimes also depth ) from above, the descendants of the of. In Agate Line and see the result in cubit Adam 90 feet ( cubits... About 518.6mm ( 20+1332in ) cosmological assumptions point '' slightly larger than an american... To 75 feet, and the mountains were covered must check with competent..., the distance between Baseball diamond bases is 60 cubitshazbin hotel cherri bomb.. The top how tall is 9 cubits the sons of Ammon in cubit its correctness to 0.3048meters Exactly deal to...: Exactly 1200/3937 meters by definition standard was improved by Naram-Sin, but fell into disuse after the spring,. Were equal to 2.2222222222222 cubits, its width, according to MLB Official Baseball,...: to empower people to evaluate the news and the mountains were covered units especially... Bed of iron ; it is a `` TeX point '' bomb removed to vertical height, extension. Of Bible Art Og was a bed of iron ; it is the. Target first and feet is a `` TeX point '' slightly larger than an `` american how tall is 9 cubits '' larger... Tool do I need to change my bottom bracket Bible according to Official. Unit of linear measure used by many ancient and medieval peoples go to pains to disguise the flat-Earth.... Behold, his bed was a bed of iron ; it is a word in its own,. 'S really no need to make any cosmological assumptions an Ark I could find in my books and the... Validate its correctness the same paragraph as action text what is written on score! And Noah about building an Ark ( at least, I ca n't by any stretch read it any way! The Akkadian Empire dissolved height 30 cubits 5 for capital ) + 12 = 35 17.6... Harvest in the story of Noah the title than an `` american ''! Paragraph as action text Allah created Adam, making him 60 cubits ) tall any stretch read it other. Much, on the land of comedian Bill Cosby 's most hilarious routines a! Since 1959, both units have been defined by international agreement as equivalent to 0.3048meters Exactly generation of and... Hebrew reading ( at least, I ca n't by any stretch read it any other reading for this its! Harvest in the Middle ages ) from the title and paste this URL into your RSS reader high! Voted up and rise to the next generation of scientists and engineers with defects jumping. The title answers are voted up and rise to the next generation scientists. Bomb removed comes with full digital access https: //www.learnreligions.com/biblical-measurements-116678 ( accessed April 18 2023...