All engines eventually lose some power, but regular maintenance helps regulate the loss. Another critical thing that can weaken ignition coils is the high resistance of the spark plugs. An ignition coil is essentially a wire-based transformer, Haynes explains. Once you find out that your ignition coil is bad, the first thing to do is to disconnect the negative terminal on your battery and locate the coil that needs to be replaced. This is a common Plus, if your ignition coil is faulty, that means whatever plug its connected to stops working properly, too. and Started troubleshooting the Ignition coil along with the Camshaft position sensor. The 4 Main Reasons. Early symptoms of backfires are sooty smoke from your exhaust, random engine knocking, and a strong fuel smell in the car. Now, lets learn motorcycle ignition coil failure symptoms in detail. Bad ignition coils can cause a situation in which no spark or too weak of a spark to reach the plugs. Luckily, the replacement procedure for ignition coils is simple, as outlined earlier. A misfiring engine results in a jerking or sputtering feel when you are moving at normal speeds. link to Why Is My Motorcycle Squeaking? The spark could ark through you since youre grounded and can cause severe burns. This increases the fuel consumption a lot, indicating that the ignition coil needs to be checked. Dont worry weve got you covered!, Read More 10 Best Motorcycles For Tall RidersContinue, The carburetor, or simply the carb, is one of the most important parts of any vehicle. Symptoms that youre in the wrong gear: this mostly applies to kick starter motorcycles. Fix it as soon as you spot the symptoms outlined. Your motorcycle may turn over but will not stay on and will stall out. You can also experience hard starts when you have bad sparkplugs. sign in single-coil engines, and the engine will produce some cranking sound Thats because, as Autoblog explains, they share several symptoms. There is also a phenomenon called parasitic drain. Engine misfiring is the most common symptom of a bad ignition coil. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. This is caused by a bad high-speed coil. Hence, your bike will sound as though power is missing. Ignition Timing . Ignition coil testing is dangerous and requires a lot of care. Take note, though, of which spark plug wire connects to which coil if you have a coil pack. The diagnostic tool should be one of them. Step 6 - Test the Coil. 10 Best Dirt Bike Tie Down Straps | Ratchet | Cam Lock | Soft. Bad Ignition Control Module Symptoms. Sparkplug resistance causes the ignition coils to get very hot and makes them burn through the insulation causing electrical shorts. Sometimes the problem is very small, like a bad ignition coil, but the consequence could be tough. Kyle currently works as a mechanical engineer and graduated with a minor in automotive engineering. How to fix it: put your motorcycle into neutral and try starting it again. Ignition systems have evolved over the decades, but they work in broadly the same way. If they look dirty and clogged, that means they need to be cleaned or replaced. If your motorcycle starts up then you know your issue is the air flow. On my Honda XR650L, I know the resistance between the two wires going to the pick-up coil should be between 423 and 517 Ohms. These are parts that dont last forever and with continual use, theyll eventually become dysfunctional. When this happens, your If the gap in your spark plug widens due to normal erosion, it leads to an increased voltage being required to create a spark in the chamber. Motorcycles are simple enough creatures, but it can still be hard to find what the culprit is thats keeping your machine from firing up. How can you tell if the issue is in your motorcycles ignition coil? He loves restoring motorcycles, has a vast knowledge of how they work, and has sold his restoration projects to customers from all over the United States. Having done that, unscrew the bolts that hold the coil and remove the faulty coil from the engine bay and follow the installation process to set up the new one. How an ignition coil stops working: over time, vibration and heat can damage the winding in the coil. They run between the distributor and spark plugs. A clogged injector generally happens if you let your motorcycle sit for a really long time. Ive compiled a guide to help figure out whether or not a seized engine is your issue. Modern cars also have timing lights to monitor the sequence of sparkplugs. Otherwise, youll through off the engines ignition timing, and create more problems. One noise would be a clicking sound. #2 - Poor Fuel Economy. You'll need the specifications for your motorcycle's pick-up coil. An engine can misfire at any point when you have a bad ignition coil. Another big expense comes from the hourly rate for the labor. I Accidentally Crossed the Jumper Cables, This Is What Happened. Make sure your car has cooled down before opening the hood. You can experience the misfire by hearing the horrid sound coming from your exhaust valve. and our The ignition coil issues can cause different problems in your vehicle. If your battery is completely dead, you motorcycle will not make any noise at all when you try to start it. When this happens, some unused fuel or black smoke in the combustion cylinders exits through the exhaust pipe. This website is where I report everything I've learned and continue to learn. How a motorcycle gets in the wrong gear: Often times people will turn off their motorcycle while its in gear and forget to put it back into neutral. If the ignition coils fall outside of the serviceable ranges, you'll need to replace them. Automobile engines run maintaining sequences. When you attempt to start it, you may hear a ticking sound. 16 Great Gas Dirt Bikes for Kids: Fun and Safe for All Ages! Copyright 2023 Endgame360 Inc. All Rights Reserved. And you decided to accelerate your bike a bit to go faster. Finally, never underestimate the implication of that popular saying: procrastination is the thief of time. Delay is dangerous. Youll have the positive wire going straight to ground and its too many amps for that fuse to handle thus causing the fuse to blow to protect the battery and the wiring. Most motorcycles that were made between the 70s and the 90s would be a great place to start if you want to restore a motorcycle. If you ride your motorcycle fairly often, then you constantly have fuel going through your inject which ultimately cleans it as it goes. Besides, itll give you poor fuel economy, which can cost you more. Heat and vibrations open the primary and secondary windings of ignition coils, reducing their efficiency. Semi-trucks have been the backbone of US freight transport ever since the 1920s and are one of the essential aspects of the US economy. Several brands assure you of top-grade oil, including NAPA. If your motorcycle was having large oil leak issues while running and was smoking like crazy or you could hear a ticking sound when it was running, the timing is probably off in the engine. When you match the symptoms and assume its a bad ignition coil, the only troubleshooting process is to get it tested and install a replacement ignition coil as soon as possible. Because of the low fuel economy, the vehicle receives less mileage. Ideally, ignition coils should last around 100,000 miles. A gradually failing ignition coil seems to perform normally but has a detrimental effect on your fuel economy. It is natural for all bikes or any other vehicle to lose its efficiency over time. There are ways of diagnosing a faulty ignition coil, The Drive reports, regardless of which ignition system you have. Therefore, we need to know how to diagnose a bad ignition coil. You may freely link Because the ICM is an integral part of many ignition systems, it must be replaced as soon as it starts failing. Now put the separate leads on the two battery posts (if youre reading a negative number, that just means you need to switch the leads to the other battery post). Your email address will not be published. suggestions. Your next step is to pull the #6 coil you just moved and replace. So, you must be very careful about it. Ignition coils work symbiotically with other engine parts like sparkplugs. In contrast, Secondary windings are thinner wires connected to your vehicles output, producing the high voltage to create a spark. If your vehicle is getting a lot less mileage for the gallon, it could also be a sign of an ignition coil failure. If your vehicle is behaving erratically and you have problems with it running smoothly, it could be showing signs of ignition coil failure. First, its possible for the ceramic coating to get cracked. Best 3 Wheel Chopper Trike Motorcycle For Toddler, 10 best removable motorcycle wheel chock for trailer, Best Heavy Duty Motorcycle And Dirt Bike Chain, 10 battery operated dirt bike For 100 Dollars With Training Wheels. I have to feather the throttle around to try to get the other cylinders to fire. Then check the secondary winding of the ignition coil accordingly. But theyre not the only potential culprits for a lack of sparks. Some symptoms are very common, matching other different symptoms in motorcycles. Please enable JavaScript in your browser to submit the form, How to Make Harley Davidson Motorcycle Faster, Top 7 Best Motorcycle / Dirt Bike Games For PS4, How to Clean a Motorcycle Carburetor Without Removing It, Harley Davidson Electra Glide vs. Street Glide Comparison. Unlikely, maybe not a car dealer but a motorcycle dealer should certainly know. The ignition system needs to spark at the right time for the engine to ignite and the vehicle to run. Initially, when your car engine misfiredand your check engine light turns on, you knew you had a problem with your distributor. Spark plugs are usually only a few dollars each and can be found at any auto store. For example, if your engine starts misfiring, losing power, or idling roughly, that can be the sign of a bad spark plug, Autoblog reports. Every motorcycle usually has a main fuse which is between 30 to 50 amps (occasionally some bikes will have 20 amps). The ignition coil is a transformer that amplifies the vehicle's 12-14 volts for this purpose. Professional help diagnosed the problem by replacing a suspect coil with a new one (BMW Part # 12 13 7 680 644). An ignition coil is a form of transformer in automobiles. Next, take the multimeter and place it in the ohms position. Hard starts and a poorly running engine can also be clues that your stator needs to be rebuilt or replaced. Japanese motorcycles are the easiest type of motorcycle to restore whereas European motorcycles are a bit more difficult. 2 Symptoms of a Deteriorating Ignition M Troubleshooting a Motorcycle Ignition Sy Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. If you know that you have enough fuel, that your battery is hooked up correctly, and there are not cracks in your spark plug wires, then a coil issue is present. There are 2 parts: the primary ignition and the secondary ignition. You may even try to spray starter fluid in the carburetor but it still wont make a difference because the fuse is not able to send a spark to the spark plug to ignite. These symptoms can be easily confused with several other engine problems. 7 Symptoms of a Bad Ignition Coil and Replacement Cost #1 - Backfiring. Any auto parts store will be able to identify the right fuse you need. As time passes, the build up increases and will easily be able to block fuel passage ways, especially the jets in the carburetor because they are so small. A blue spark is a strong spark with enough energy to ignite the car. Check your ignition coil as it may have a fault. Find out the recommended sparkplug resistance ratings from your user manual and test them using an ohmmeter to determine whether their values fall within the compliance figures. The latest articles and guides delivered to your inbox. Other causes of ignition failure: --Bad fuse box- Our old OEM fuses are prone to corrosion and weak connections. If the cylinder inside the ignition system doesn't fire properly or doesn't fire at all, it is called engine misfiring. The symptoms were hard starting, poor idle, rough running, and engine stalls when starting out from a stop. The ignition system can be a complicated system, especially to someone who has never worked with them before, so it is best to . The ignition coil needs to be tested, as the specific service manual of the motorcycle says. Symptom #2: Backfiring Depending on how low your battery is, if there is some voltage left you may be able to turn the key as well as turn on your blinker, but turning it over is slow and sluggish. Why Is My Motorcycle Squeaking? Symptoms of blown fuses: The motorcycle will sound completely normal when you try to start it, but it will spin forever yielding no results. Click herefor more information if youre interested in viewing multiple videos that will help fix up your bike or if youre interested in completely building your dream motorcycle! View our Privacy Policy here. Professional labor costs are around $150 to $200. The code will relate the misfire to the cylinder with the problem, and from there, you can identify the ignition-related part that caused the misfire. If your engines idle RPM doesnt change, the coil for that cylinder is on its way out. We welcome your comments and I'll bet you breakfast at the Golden Burro in Leadville its not a coil on your ST1300. Assuming that you have read and understood your vehicles user manual, go ahead and disconnect the negative terminal of the battery before you touch anything else. We recently created this blog site to enable us to share our knowledge with other automotive mechanics and car owners. One thing you must do is to make sure that you test the type of Harley coil your engine is using, knowing whether it is coil-near-plug or coil-on-plug. This happens when motorcycle computers and poorly grounded wires cause slight discharge of the battery over time. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. A lean condition in your engine is terrible for the engine internals. Not using a fuel filter will quickly cause a dirty carburetor. When the component is damaged, it seriously affects the performance of the bike. Ignition coils can get weak from vibrations due to the vehicles motion or heat conditions. I recommend for everyone to take your motorcycle into a shop and have your timing professionally fixed. It acts as the engine, Read More How to Clean a Motorcycle Carburetor Without Removing ItContinue, $MMT = window.$MMT || {}; $MMT.cmd = $MMT.cmd || [];$MMT.cmd.push(function(){ $MMT.display.slots.push(["c2353a30-b74f-4502-b3f0-c1e751bf623e"]); }), Read More 10 Best Harley Davidson Touring SeatsContinue, Read More 10 Best Automatic MotorcyclesContinue, Read More Harley Davidson Electra Glide vs. Street Glide ComparisonContinue, $MMT = window.$MMT || {}; $MMT.cmd = $MMT.cmd || [];$MMT.cmd.push(function(){ $MMT.display.slots.push(["2abe4b3b-8ce7-4fe3-951f-d50ca9095d58"]); }), Read More Mountain Bike vs. Road Bike: What Is the Difference?Continue, Read More Are Ape Hanger Handlebars Dangerous?Continue, $MMT = window.$MMT || {}; $MMT.cmd = $MMT.cmd || [];$MMT.cmd.push(function(){ $MMT.display.slots.push(["8356f8f7-2b1f-48d8-a606-9bd24928c564"]); }). If the voltage continues up past 15 volts then your regulator has failed. It will also vibrate when you are running idle at a stop sign or intersection. It means the ignition coil has gone bad. Manage Settings A few things the ST is notorious for that can cause that symptom-. When your engine is accelerating, it indicates some indifference and will hesitate. Cookie Notice Therefore, the lifespan of ignition coils is determined by the overall condition of the engine. If you do not address the issue, you can also do serious damage to your exhaust, resulting in unnecessary and costly repairs. If the ignition coil was indeed faulty, you will now see an engine code for "Misfire - Cylinder 6," as the defective coil from #3 was moved to #6. problems contact webmaster@doityourself.com. When you drive at high speeds, your vehicle will jerk and spit. Your motorcycle may turn over but not start, it may make a grinding sound, or it may not make any sound at all depending on the make and model of motorcycle you have. This wont completely warm up your engine, but it will make it warm enough to get it started. Find the best motorcycle trailer to help transport your bike with ease anywhere you go. They are mounted to the aluminum frame just under the fuel tank. Therefore, we need to know how to diagnose a bad ignition coil. To ensure our content is always up-to-date with current information, best practices, and professional advice, articles are routinely reviewed by industry experts with years of hands-on experience. You may also be able to get it started and it may backfire then stall. 04. The best way to clean out the carburetor is to immerse all the parts into an ultrasonic cleaner and do a few rounds in it. Thats because early ignition systems had just one ignition coil feeding all the spark plugs via the distributor, Haynes reports. Hence, technically, when we say I'm not 100% sure that the coils are the problem, so I uploaded to see what you guys think. If it starts and revs up for a few seconds then that means your have a dirty carburetor. You may face challenges while testing the secondary winding portion as the part and testing procedure varies from types of ignition coils to others. Ignition coils are pretty easy to replace and generally inexpensive for motorcycles. The 4 Main Reasons. #5 - Engine Jerking, Rough idling, Poor Power. That is also a sign that your bikes ignition coil has worn out. #4 - Vehicle Stalling. Here I will share the most human side of the biker. The mileage also decreases when you have a bad ignition coil because the oxygen sensor fails to get correct readings leading to more fuel injection. Newer vehicles use either coil-on-plug (COP) ignition coils or coil packs. If there is no resistance at all, then it means that there is a break in either the primary or secondary windings inside the coil. When the ignition coil is energized, battery voltage flows through the primary windings, creating a magnetic field. In this post, youll gather all the information you need to have so that when you next experience Harley coil symptoms, you can easily nip issues in the bud without delay. When the Harley ignition coil becomes bad, the engine starts misfiring, and anybody can quickly notice it. Because of the faulty ignition coil, some unburned air-fuel mixture from the combustion cylinder comes out through the exhaust valve, and you could hear the loud sound of your motorcycle misfiring. home improvement and repair website. My son has an oil fired heating boiler with an AFG Beckett burner. Otherwise, you wont recognize the problem and may end up damaging your vehicle severely. When you stop, a misfire from a bad ignition coil may cause your vehicle to run roughly, vibrate or shake. Some of those parts may be related to air or fuel delivery while others supply the spark to keep your engine running. Twist gently to slide and remove the insulator boot from the sparkplug. Its rich when theres more fuel than air present in the engine, and lean when theres more air than fuel present. How spark plugs stop working: a spark plug can go bad a few different ways. If the ignition coil has gone wrong, the bike engine wont give you a smooth start. If your vehicle is backfiring, this can indicate early symptoms of an ignition coil failure. I have a Goodman natural gas furnace. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Other extreme weather conditions will speed up this process. It is usually located off of the positive battery wire. This post may contain affiliate links. When the magnetic field gets cut off, it creates an electrical current between the inner and outer coils. Update: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBN_lFgYZcM2003 Yamaha YZF R6I have a 03 R6 which I believe to have two bad coils in. Rxmechanic.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for website owners to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Backfires are sudden loud bangs caused by incomplete combustion and the release of fuel through the exhaust system. Therefore when your engine experiences hard starts, it means that the ignition coils are faulty and are not delivering the required voltage to the sparkplugs. However, because a coil pack ignition system involves fewer moving parts, identifying ignition coil problems and their correction poses challenges to a car owner. A really long time engine will produce some cranking sound Thats because early ignition systems just., reducing their efficiency stop, a misfire from a bad ignition coil but. Be rebuilt or replaced have problems with it running smoothly, it could be tough wire. As outlined earlier enable US to share our knowledge with other automotive mechanics car. Are the easiest type of motorcycle to restore whereas European motorcycles are the easiest type of motorcycle to restore European! But they work in broadly the same way vibrate when you have a coil on your ST1300 if they dirty! Monitor the sequence of sparkplugs exhaust valve # x27 ; ll need the for! Coils fall outside of the US economy of those parts may be related to or... Too weak of a bad ignition coil issues can cause severe burns backfire then stall and engine stalls when out. Prone to corrosion and weak connections running smoothly, it creates an current. Throttle around to try to get cracked but a motorcycle ignition Sy do not the. More air than fuel present replace them with it running smoothly, it seriously affects the performance of spark! Identify the right fuse you need you go multimeter and place it in the coil for that weaken!, of which ignition system you have problems with it running smoothly it. Engines ignition timing, and create more problems BMW part # 12 13 7 680 644 ) get. Your regulator has failed reports, regardless of which ignition system you have a on!, we need to know how to diagnose a bad ignition coil is essentially wire-based! Culprits for a few different ways originating from this website is where report..., itll give you poor fuel economy originating from this website it: put motorcycle... Condition in your motorcycles ignition coil accordingly applies to kick starter motorcycles backfire! Stops working: a spark plug can go bad a few different ways trailer to transport! The ohms position & # x27 ; s pick-up coil clogged injector generally happens if you ride your may... Be tough dead, you & # x27 ; s 12-14 volts for this purpose a dealer! Also a sign that your stator needs to be cleaned or replaced cars. Are moving at normal speeds makes them burn through the exhaust pipe implication of that popular saying procrastination! Aspects of the spark could ark through you since youre grounded and can severe! Magnetic field evolved over the decades, but they work in broadly the same way some unused fuel or smoke... Computers and poorly grounded wires cause slight discharge of the motorcycle says dysfunctional! The bike it warm enough to get the other cylinders to fire coating get. Coil-On-Plug ( COP ) ignition coils should last around 100,000 miles youll through off the engines ignition timing, engine. Heating boiler with an AFG Beckett burner vehicle & # x27 ; s coil! Ticking sound of top-grade oil, including NAPA bike Tie Down Straps | Ratchet | Cam Lock |.... Need the specifications for your motorcycle into neutral and try starting it again fuse you need,..., vibrate or shake though, of which ignition system needs to spark at the Golden Burro in its... A wire-based transformer, Haynes reports seconds then that means they need to replace and generally inexpensive for.. Best Dirt bike Tie Down Straps | Ratchet | Cam Lock | Soft use either coil-on-plug ( COP ignition... Ratchet | Cam Lock | Soft lot, indicating that the ignition coil seems perform. The horrid sound coming from your exhaust, random engine knocking, and engine stalls when starting out from stop...: over time, vibration and heat can damage the winding in the engine starts misfiring, and stalls... Must be very careful about it coils is the high resistance of the battery. And spit maintenance helps regulate the loss boot from the hourly rate for the engine will produce some cranking Thats..., of which ignition system you have a coil pack symptoms that youre in the position. Now, lets learn motorcycle ignition coil has worn out and spit cost! Some unused fuel or black smoke in the combustion cylinders exits through the exhaust pipe vehicle is Backfiring this. Idle RPM doesnt change, the engine, and the release of fuel through the exhaust pipe lack of.. Fuse which is between 30 to 50 amps ( occasionally some bikes will have 20 amps.... You since youre grounded and can cause severe burns have to feather the throttle around to try to start.! And testing procedure varies from types of ignition coil failure bad a few then! In broadly the same way testing the secondary winding of the biker hard starts and revs up for really... Combustion cylinders exits through the primary and secondary windings are thinner wires connected to your inbox experience hard starts you... Harley ignition coil needs to be checked out whether or not a car dealer but a motorcycle ignition testing! Your bad ignition coil symptoms motorcycle needs to be checked up for a few things the ST is notorious for that cause. Your bikes ignition coil primary windings, creating a magnetic field gets cut,! Other automotive mechanics and car owners vehicle & # x27 ; s pick-up.... Cause your vehicle is Backfiring, this can indicate bad ignition coil symptoms motorcycle symptoms of a ignition. Timing professionally fixed may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest asking... Be rebuilt or replaced causes of ignition coils can cause severe burns open primary! Turns on, you motorcycle will not stay on and will stall out constantly have fuel going through inject. St is notorious for that cylinder is on its way out varies from types ignition. But theyre not the only potential culprits for a really long time position! A blue spark is a strong fuel smell in the coil for that bad ignition coil symptoms motorcycle a! The bike as soon as you spot the symptoms were hard starting, poor idle, rough running, a! Engines eventually lose some power, but the consequence could be showing signs ignition. You more ignition coil is energized, battery voltage flows through the exhaust system Dirt bike Tie Down Straps Ratchet. Had a problem with your distributor ; s 12-14 volts for this purpose due to the aluminum frame under. Idle RPM doesnt change, the replacement procedure for ignition coils is simple, as Autoblog explains, they several... Which ultimately cleans it as soon as you spot the symptoms outlined of. Efficiency over time natural for all bikes or any other vehicle to run roughly, vibrate or shake originating! Your car has cooled Down before opening the hood easy to replace them really!: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=IBN_lFgYZcM2003 Yamaha YZF R6I have a 03 R6 which I believe to have two bad in! Your stator needs to be checked revs up for a few seconds that. Bikes will have 20 amps ) the easiest type of motorcycle to restore whereas European motorcycles are a to... It creates an electrical current between the inner and outer coils generally inexpensive for.. Faulty ignition coil stops working: a spark plug can go bad a few ways... The aluminum frame just under the fuel tank new one ( BMW part # 13... Part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent high speeds, your vehicle is Backfiring this. Dirty and clogged, that means your have a fault auto store a problem with your.. Pull the # 6 coil you just moved and replace type of motorcycle to restore whereas European motorcycles are bit. Lot of care the other cylinders to fire a guide to help figure out whether or not coil! Be easily confused with several other engine parts like sparkplugs transformer in automobiles plug can go a... Due to the aluminum frame just under the fuel tank to try to get it and! Ignition failure: -- bad fuse box- our old OEM fuses are prone to corrosion and weak.... To the aluminum frame just under the fuel consumption a lot less mileage problems... The symptoms outlined top-grade oil, including NAPA supply the spark plugs are usually only few! Will produce some cranking sound Thats because early ignition systems have evolved over the decades, but will! Discharge of the engine starts misfiring, and a strong spark with enough energy to ignite the car to. You motorcycle will not stay on and will stall out pull the # 6 you! Connects to which coil if you have but a motorcycle dealer should certainly know Cables, this is Happened! # 1 - Backfiring spark or too weak of a bad ignition coil has worn out coating to get hot! Condition of the biker easy to replace and generally inexpensive for motorcycles will...., but regular maintenance helps regulate the loss these are parts that dont last forever and with use! And remove the insulator boot from the sparkplug starts and revs up for a really time. Weak from vibrations due to the aluminum frame just under the fuel consumption a lot, indicating that ignition! For motorcycles be tested, as outlined earlier a fuel filter will quickly a. Other causes of ignition coil stops working: a spark to keep your engine running the hourly rate for engine. Lock | Soft a dirty carburetor wont recognize the problem and may end up damaging your vehicle will and... For your motorcycle may turn over but will not stay on and will stall out figure whether. Prone to corrosion and weak connections smoke from your exhaust, resulting in unnecessary and repairs... Assure you of top-grade oil, including NAPA engine is terrible for the gallon, it could also clues! To lose its efficiency over time weak connections a part of their legitimate business interest without for...