Biol. +(> Xi~PHa3sX#s-mCR*1rFY$Vz!`:_OV Change 3, 913918. The southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) population at San Nicolas Island, California, has been monitored annually since the translocation of 140 sea otters to the island was completed in 1990. Mamm. Sci. However, sea otters are now protected by law from extensive hunting in the United States, Canada and Russia and Japan. Monitoring efforts have varied in frequency and type across years. endobj The earliest censuses of sea otters were conducted by the Russian Coast Guard in the Commander Islands from 1924 to 1930 (Barabash-Nikiforov, 1947). <> Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm. (2011). Ecosphere 7:e01604. Figures of Pages from the Monitoring and Research Plan for Southern Sea Otter Military Readiness Area. The Sea Otter in the Eastern Pacific Ocean North American Fauna. Fish and Wildlife Service. Sea otters: their role in structuring nearshore communities. In addition to re-establishing population connectivity and restoring genetic diversity, the translocation of sea otters into historically occupied habitat restores the nearshore ecosystem. Sci. 62, 26482658. Gelatt, T. S. (1996). If the trend on the graph continues, what do you predict will happen between years 30-40? Hyg. You will, 1 out of 1 people found this document helpful, Name: _________________________________________________________, the four graphs located on the last two pages of this document. Kelp and rivers subsidize rocky intertidal communities in the Pacific Northwest (USA). Infect. The authors recognize the support they have received from their respective institutions and numerous colleagues and students over many years, which made this article possible. Female sea otters become sexually mature at around four years of age, and males at around five. The population decline likely began in the mid-1980s and declined at a rate of 17.5%/year in the 1990s. Between 1938 and 2005 the population of southern sea otters off California's coast increased from about 300 to 2,600. Coinciding with recent population growth, the sea otter distribution, which previously tended to concentrate on the west side, appears to have shifted toward an expansion of use in the north and especially greater seasonal use in the north and south during winter and spring. These results can be useful to the planning of future monitoring and research of sea otters at San Nicolas Island. After 12 weeks of being fed and groomed, a pup is considered a juvenile, Behavioral Traits and Conservation Status. Sea otters dive underwater or cleverly play dead when they sense danger. Simultaneously with sea otter monitoring, mixed sediment sites have been sampled for infaunal bivalve biomass. The mother will hold her pup on her chest to nurse it and gradually teach it to swim, forage/hunt/retrieve food. In British Columbia and Southeast Alaska, conflicts did not begin to emerge for several more decades because sea otters were not reintroduced to these areas until the late 1960s and early 1970s (Bigg and MacAskie, 1978; Jameson et al., 1982; Nichol, 2015). Why dont scientists kill sea urchins to help maintain the kelp population? Schmitz, O. J., Raymond, P. A., Estes, J. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the United States Government. Ecol. /Type /XObject However, genetic variability is highest in the Southeast Alaska population, which was created by translocations from two widely separated source populations including Prince William Sound and Amchitka Island (Jameson et al., 1982; Larson et al., 2002a). A., Kreuder, C., Paradies, D. M., Worcester, K. R., Jessup, D. A., et al. As a result of the failure finding, there no longer is a legal obligation to try to prevent expansion of the parent populations range south of Point Conception. Washington's current sea otter population Natl. Sherrod, S. K., Estes, J. 17, 632647. The GIS shapefile Range extent of southern sea otters 2019.shp is a simple polyline representing the geographic distribution of the southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) in mainland California, based on data collected during the spring 2019 range-wide census. Sea otters need to conserve energy, which means that uninterrupted rest is an important part their well-being. Tinker, M. T., Doak, D. F., Estes, J. In 2017, the Commission commented onproposed revisions to the southern sea otter stock assessment report. Experiment: Are fingerprint patterns inherited? A., Wheeler, P. A., Dahlhoff, E., Sanford, E., and Strub, P. T. (1997). Plot of southern sea otter population trends along the mainland coast of California and at San Nicolas Island over the period 1990-2013. In 2017, the U.S. Navy and the U.S. doi: 10.2307/3672835, Reidy, R. D., and Cox, S. P. (2013). A large northern elephant seal rookery at Ao Nuevo Island in central California seasonally attracts white sharks, and the stalled northward expansion of sea otters in this area suggests that shark related mortality is the primary cause. An increased emphasis should be placed on quantifying the beneficial socioeconomic effects of sea otters (e.g., ecotourism) and sea otter-induced trophic cascades in kelp and seagrass habitats (e.g., benefits to finfish fisheries resulting from increases in finfish populations, increases in atmospheric carbon sequestration, and reduced shoreline erosion). Both perspectives recognize the important role sea otters play in structuring the shallow, littoral ecosystem, but the perspectives differ in time and space. Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) have been managed under international law longer (starting in 1911) than most marine mammal species (Figure 1). Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris) and Steller Sea Lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in the North Pacific: Evaluating Mortality Patterns and Assessing Population Status at Multiple Time Scales. Sea otters regularly dig for infaunal prey (e.g., bivalves) in eelgrass meadows (), inadvertently breaking up rhizomes, creating pits (), and leaving bare patches where seeds may settle (Fig. A., and Burge, R. T. (1986b). SL wrote Question 5. The Commission continues to follow closely ongoing research into the status and trends of this population, both for the coastal parent population and the translocated population on San Nicolas Island. Despite these successful translocations, 4,000 linear km of historically occupied habitat remains unoccupied (Figure 2). The population declined to a uniformly low density in the archipelago, suggesting a common and geographically widespread cause. Southern sea otter population density along the California coast. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-39.3.495, Krkosek, M., Lauzon-Guay, J. S., and Lewis, M. A. Following the modern discovery of sea otters in the North Pacific Ocean by Vitus Bering during his expedition in the mid-1700s, the maritime fur trade in the late 18th and 19th centuries reduced sea otter populations to less than 2,000 individuals combined. Why? The population has grown by about 10 percent per year over the past decade and contained about 100 otters in 2019. Some of these instruments exist, but they require refinement and field-testing on sea otters before their potential use can be assessed. It includes space for writing their answers and drawing a picture. Variation in their current status, and in the rate and pattern of recovery, provides an opportunity to use the comparative approach to elucidate how various natural and human-caused stressors affect population health and dynamics. Int. In 2015, those reintroduced populations accounted for approximately 30% of the nearly 150,000 extant sea otters and occupied more than 50% of the sea otters historical range (Bodkin, 2015). Sea otter density at large spatial scales is a mosaic of local densities that depend on many factors and vary over different time scales. Beyond monitoring to detect trends or changes in sea otter abundance, we need to identify underlying causes of change, a decidedly more difficult task when approached after the change has occurred, but facilitated by incorporating likely mechanisms in monitoring design (see Question 3). They have flattened and rounded molars for crushing and chewing food. SANTA CRUZ, Calif. The recovery of southern sea otters appears to have taken an upturn, according to results from the annual California sea otter survey released by the U.S. Geological Survey today. Population genetic studies of the sea otter (Enhydra lutris): a review and interpretation of available data, in Molecular Genetics of Marine Mammals, Vol. Larson, S., Jameson, R., Etnier, M., Jones, T., and Hall, R. (2012). Most notable are the nearshore areas: (1) between Northern Japan and throughout the east coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia (1,000 km); (2) between the southern portion of Southeast Alaska and parts of British Columbia (400 km); (3) between central Washington State (the current southern range limit of the northern sea otter) and midway between Monterey Bay and San Francisco Bay, CA, United States (the current northern range limit of the southern sea otter; 1,500 km); and (4) south of Santa Barbara, CA, United States (the current southern range limit of the southern sea otter) and central Baja California (800 km) (Larson and Bodkin, 2015). As the population expanded both north and south into habitat that was not observable from shore, aircraft were used for surveys. We pride ourselves on being a safe website for both teachers and students. Mar. doi: 10.1890/03-0696, Wilmers, C. C., Estes, J. Kuluk Bay is on an open coast, so sea otters there are exposed to killer whales. Status of translocated sea otters at San Nicolas Island, California. They do this to keep them from drifting away from the group while they rest/sleep floating on their backs. Sea otters are protected from intentional capture in Japan by the Law of Hunting Control of Sea Otters and Fur Seal where they occur in very low numbers (Hattori et al., 2005; Davis, pers. (2018). Ecology 96, 31023108. This partnership of federal, state and local institutions is seeking to increase our understanding of estuary habitat use by sea otters and to help inform the conservation and restoration of suitable habitat and water quality conditions at Elkhorn Slough. May 1, 2018 Analysis of 13 years of demographic and genetic data from 1,006 sea otters to assess multiple effective population size estimators, as well as temporal trends in genetic diversity . Change 5, 10381045. For communities dependent on the harvest of shellfish, we will need creative solutions, including research and development into new methods of mariculture. (1986). A highly skilled and detail-oriented GIS Technician with a background in Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences and a passion for geospatial technology and data analysis. Sea-otters and shellfisheries, in Marine Mammals and Fisheries, eds J. R. Beddington, R. J. H. Beverton, and D. M. Lavigne (London: George Allen & Unwin), 187235. Because of their well-documented effects on nearshore communities, broadly monitoring the littoral community along with sea otters provides information on the status of the ecosystem (Coletti et al., 2016). (2) Understanding factors that regulate sea otter population density: Sea otter density at the landscape scale is a mosaic of local densities that depend on many factors, which vary over different time scales. The FWS published anotice of availability of the revised stock assessment report on 28 August 2017, in which it addressed the comments submitted by the Commission and others. Mamm. Dean, T. A., and Bodkin, J. L. (2011). Trend lines for the mainland (left vertical axis) are shown as "3-year running averages" of independents (dashed green line) and total otters (solid blue line). Examples of this type of strategy include conducting smaller spatial-scale surveys at more frequent intervals (Bodkin, 2015; Coletti et al., 2016), rather than large-scale surveys less frequently, where demographically distinct population trends could become confounding (Esslinger and Bodkin, 2009). What kinds of other animals share the sea otters habitat? Range expansion predictions based on dispersal distance or reaction-diffusion models had mixed success but generally did not provide definitive biological context for the mechanisms driving population expansion (Lubina and Levin, 1988; Krkosek et al., 2007). The The USGS range-wide sea otter census has been undertaken each year since 1982, using consistent methodology involving both ground . (2003). Oikos 90, 457468. 32, 9971006. Understanding sea otter dispersal patterns is critical to understanding sea otter expansion throughout their range, but it may be particularly relevant if dispersal distances are now reduced due to killer whale predation. Can. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2763, Atwood, T. B., and Hammill, E. (2018). LockA locked padlock doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801402-8.00005-6, Lee, J., Watson, C., Trebilco, R., and Salomon, A. K. (2016). The Commission also recommended that, as a precautionary measure, gear modifications to reduce entrapment of sea otters be adopted for crab and lobster traps, similar to those that have been in place for finfish traps since 2002. Official websites use .gov Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Acad. Sea otters are polygamous, meaning they mate with more than one partner throughout their lifetime. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082477, Menge, B. (2015). U.S.A. 110, 1531315318. Instruments attached to the hind flippers are susceptible to removal or destruction by the animal and must be extremely small and lightweight to avoid tearing the flippers webbing. These are ready-to-use Sea Otter worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about Sea Otters, which are born swimmers with long, sleek, streamlined bodies with webbed feet. (2007). These include but are not limited to sea otters and their prey. Through legal protection and active management, conservation efforts have been successful, resulting in nearly 150,000 individuals throughout more than half of their historic range. Between 1911, when hunting was prohibited, and 1972, when the MMPA was passed, these otters recolonized more than 200 miles (370 kilometers) of the California coast. Killer appetites: Assessing the role of predators in ecological communities. This created a situation where two independent census methods generated counts with variable and un-quantified detection probabilities. The sea otter . Diet and foraging behavior of sea otters in southeast Alaska. Sea otters once numbered 300,000 and ranged around the North Pacific Rim from northern Japan through Russia, Alaska, Canada, and along the coast of the contiguous United States to central Baja California in Mexico (Figure 2). Johnson, C. K., Tinker, M. T., Estes, J. 8 0 obj Accurate estimates may be required when populations are being managed for harvest quotas, such as in Alaska, or when mandated for conservation purposes, such as under the United States Endangered Species and Marine Mammal Protection Acts. The otters are the keystone species of a coastal ecosystem called kelp forests. Washington, DC: U.S. << If you reference any of the content on this page on your own website, please use the code below to cite this page as the original source. The kelp can flourish, providing habitat for many ocean organisms. J. Trop. Ecol. Assessment of the Incidental Take of Sea Otters, Enhydra lutris, in Gill and Trammel Nets. Since 1993, we have conducted aerial surveys of sea . 13, 219229. Identifying the factors that regulate a species population density can provide insight into why population density varies spatially and temporally and when a recovering population has reached carrying capacity. (Public domain.) 18. Yet despite an overall increase in sea otter abundance, sharks have been "taking a bite" out of the portion of the population that could fuel expansion into new areas. The risk of eagle predation appears to have had behavioral effects on female sea otters, which tend to forage at night and employ other behaviors indicative of heightened vigilance when accompanied by newborn pups (Gelatt, 1996; Cortez et al., 2016). (2015). collected in 2010-2012, for sea otters in Southeast Alaska. (1988). <>stream Sea otters are the only marine mammal that does not have blubber to keep them warm. 45, 322375. At the same time, sea otters have helped to restore the ecological functioning of degraded coastal ecosystems by initiating trophic cascades in kelp forests (Estes and Palmisano, 1974; Estes and Duggins, 1995; Watson and Estes, 2011) and estuaries (Hughes et al., 2013), thereby providing valuable ecosystem services by means of these indirect effects. An official website of the United States government. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br Important areas of future research include predicting sea otter range expansion with respect to the distribution of net and trap fisheries, assessing actual levels of incidental take in these fisheries, and innovating gear modifications that reduce or prevent the potential for incidental take while maximizing catch of target species. A., Underwood, K. E., and Karmann, M. J. Sea otter population associated with an island or island complex or location: 10s to 100 km: . Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz. (USGS). A second method to monitor abundance is to correct for sighting bias of animals not detected and areas not surveyed. Salomon, A. K., Kiiiljuus Barb, J. W., White, X. E., Tanape, N., and Happynook, T. M. (2015). What percentage of your weight would those burgers represent. After their near extirpation, remnant sea otter populations and those that resulted from reintroduction were below carrying capacity and experienced a period of logistic growth. Presenters: Angela Doroff, Science Director of the Kachemak Bay Research Reserve, and Sunny Rice, Alaska Sea Grant Marine Advisory . The Oregon sea otter population model has been developed as a user-friendly interface for community members and managers to explore possible sea otter recovery patterns after introduction. An important density-independent factor is primary production, which injects carbon and nutrients into the food web (see Question 3). Ecol. The range-wide index of abundance (left vertical axis) is also shown for 2013. 72, 2236. 56, 701703. Despite the translocation having been declared a failure, the population on San Nicolas Island continues to increase. D.somewhat misleading, because it does not make it clear that the southern sea otter population trends varied throughout the range. Trend lines for the mainland (left vertical axis) are shown as 3-year running averages of independents (dashed green line) and total otters (solid blue line). doi: 10.2307/1380163. He thereafter lingers in a coma for 2 months and then dies. Several abalone species are listed under endangered species legislation in Canada and in the United States,1 and other species may join the ranks depending on how well fisheries are managed. Monson, D. H. (2009). 1719 N Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. J. Mamm. Sea otters have a high metabolism. This research project has direct relevance for the Wildlife program of the Ecosystems Mission Area (ECO), which works with others to provide the scientific understanding and technologies needed to support the sound management and conservation of our Nation's biological resources. 20 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Key Questions and Challenges for Future Research and Management, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Conrad, P. A., Kreuder, C., Mazet, J., Dabritz, H., Grigg, M., James, E., et al. Depredation of sea otter pups by bald eagles at Amchitka Island, Alaska. J. Exp. However, bottom-up and abiotic processes that influence invertebrate communities also play a role in nearshore ecosystem function and should be considered when designing a nearshore monitoring plan that includes sea otters (Dean et al., 2014). %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz The U.S. 2019) and as of 2019 the population's range covers approximately 187 km of the Washington coast (Figure 1 ). Availability of prey, entanglement in commercial fishing gear, oil spills, contaminants, disease, shark predation. 3, BIOL111_Lesson_5_-_Homeostasis_Population_Graphs_CC, Dominic_Arnold_-_Homeostasis_Population_Graphs_CC, Lab 1 - Medication Levels in the Bloodstream.docx, Copy of English 12B Week 5 Guided notes (days 1-2).pdf, CHM 204 Structural Determination Practice Key, The stream or heavy setting of a spray bottle will reduce the risk of dispersing, ELAD 7003 Parental Involvment Narrative.docx, of angular momentum is used H 1 H 2 I O 1 m v 1 d I O 2 m v 2 d 1767 The, Compare Johnstone v State Bar of California 1966 64 Cal2d 153 155 156 49 CalRptr, Wk 5 - Transitional Care Application.docx, Copy of 2.04 Lending Investments and their associated Risk_Return.pdf, Carol shoots her father Carl with malice aforethought. However, as the duration of occupancy increases, questions about how to estimate the balance between sea otter abundance and the recruitment of prey species (e.g., clams) as a factor limiting the sea otter population can be asked. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. (2003). Plant Sci. Sea otters can hold their breath for up to five minutes but dives typically only last about one minute. B., and Kolbe, J. J. Changes in Alaskan soft-bottom prey communities along a gradient in sea otter predation. Loomis, J. Watson, J. C., and Smith, T. G. (1996). Predator-driven natural selection on risk-taking behavior in anole lizards. Can. These factors should be quantified, assigned value and incorporated in policy decisions. Created by. doi: 10.3354/meps08138, Tarjan, L. M., and Tinker, M. T. (2016). Proc. (2008). Sci. Society for Science & the Public 20002023. xYkE@i`fj|DIl0sozu3m>N'\Wl\?nn&g;6`vWKMv;s9c7Y[3jcGMgVk5OUmPW5:2ayQ6WN[l The limited size of sea otters home ranges and differences in growth rates among areas indicate that their populations are demographically structured at spatial scales as small as several hundred km2 (Bodkin, 2015), but how do we distinguish one population from another? Sea otters were once widespread across coastal waters in the Northern Pacific Ocean, from Baja California to Alaska, all the way to rocky reefs in Russia and Japan. doi: 10.1139/cjfas-2013-0025, Larson, S. E., and Bodkin, J. L. (2015). Reliable information on sea otter population growth and range expansion is needed to enable communities to adapt as shellfish fisheries are impacted. Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines. Aquat. endobj 1 5 . Loss of genetic diversity in sea otters (Enhydra lutris) associated with the fur trade of the 18th and 19th centuries. This partial recovery was helped when in 1977 the U.S. J. Mamm. Ecology 90, 546555. First nations perspectives on sea otter conservation in british columbia and alaska: insights into coupled human-ocean systems, in Sea Otter Conservation, eds S. E. Larson, J. L. Bodkin, and G. R. VanBlaricom (London: Elsevier Academic Press), 301331. Species Res. B. Received: 02 July 2018; Accepted: 21 December 2018;Published: 21 January 2019. How are sea otters using estuarine habitats and prey resources? We attempt to assign a cause to observed changes by contrasting top-down (sea otter foraging efficiency and prey abundance) and bottom-up (recruitment, growth rates and environmental metrics such as temperature) processes among the four regions and the scale at which changes occur (e.g., similar changes across all areas vs. changes observed asynchronously among regions). Mamm. The most direct effect of humans on sea otter population density was the fur trade, the legacy of which is still apparent today in large areas of unoccupied habitat (Figure 2). Thus, the California population, even at its maximum growth rate, never had the potential to expand as fast as populations in more complex habitats. Foraging data were collected on a total of 2,675 foraging dives in 167 foraging bouts, and the majority of identified prey on successful dives (n=1,335) were sea urchins (940) followed by snails (240) and crabs (78). However, routine population monitoring was largely absent during the first 50 years following the cessation of the maritime fur trade. Monogr. PLoS One 8:e82477. Eventually, remnant and introduced populations increased in abundance and distribution, with some becoming contiguous over spatial scales of thousands of kilometers and comprising tens of thousands of individuals. The incompatibility of sea otters and shellfish fisheries is well documented, but sea otters secondary trophic cascade effects on finfish fisheries are not as well understood. According to the 2021 stock assessment report, the observed decline reflects lower numbers of otters in the northern and southern portion of the mainland range, offset somewhat by continued growth of the central portion of the mainland range and the translocated population at San Nicolas Island. They groom by licking their fur, scratching it with their paws, and rubbing themselves against rocks or logs. endobj (PDF). doi: 10.1111/eva.12642, Garshelis, D. L., Johnson, A. M., and Garshelis, J. College Park, MD: National Archives and Records Administration, 75266. Intraperitoneal radio transmitters have been used to track sea otters (Garshelis and Siniff, 1983). A., and VanBlaricom, G. R. (1985). (5) Evaluating the conservation benefits of sea otter translocations: The first successful efforts to restore sea otters to parts of their range took place from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.04.008. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032205, Larson, S. D., Hoyt, Z. N., Eckert, G. L., and Gill, V. A. Variation in abundance of Pacific Blue Mussel (Mytilus trossulus) in the Northern Gulf of Alaska, 20062015. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00167.x, Wolt, R. C., Gelwick, F. P., Weltz, F., and Davis, R. W. (2012). TEACHER BACKGROUND Unit 3 - The Kelp Forest TEACHER BACKGROUND - Food Chains in the Kelp Forest FOR SEAInstitute of Marine Science 2001 J. As a result, surveys became logistically challenging and increasingly expensive, employing aircraft in some cases, with costs rising to hundreds of thousands of dollars. The conservation and management of sea otters has benefited from a dedicated research effort over the past 60 years enabling this species to recover from a few thousand in the early 20th century to about 150,000 today. Dis. Choice D is the best answer. Although fishery-related conflicts historically have received the most attention, managers need information sufficient to assess the full suite of effects associated with sea otter range expansion (whether resulting from natural population growth and movement or from future translocations), including beneficial environmental and socioeconomic effects. KidsKonnect is a growing library of premium quality educational materials, printable worksheets and teaching resources for use in the classroom. Following international legal protection in 1911, sea otter populations began the slow process of recovery and, by the mid-20th century, the estimated global sea otter population was approximately 35,000 animals, mostly in Alaska and centered in the Aleutian Islands (Kenyon, 1969). In addition to abundance, trends, distribution, and forage energy intake across seasons and years, these replicated surveys provide information on the precision of data achieved by quarterly survey effort. The classroom Santa Cruz University of California, Santa Cruz it clear that the sea... Including Research and development into new methods of mariculture diversity in sea otters habitat and into... In policy decisions about 10 percent per year over the period 1990-2013 Lewis, M.,,... Or location: 10s to 100 km: washington, D.C. 20036 Forest for SEAInstitute of Marine Science 2001.... Share the sea otter population trends varied throughout the range to conserve energy, which injects carbon and into. 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Cleverly play dead when they sense danger means youve safely connected to the.gov.. Otter census has been undertaken each year since 1982, using consistent methodology involving both ground densities that depend many. Otters: their role in structuring nearshore communities between 1938 and 2005 the population has grown by about percent... That the southern sea otter in the United States government. population trends varied throughout the range recovery helped... Bias of animals not detected and areas not surveyed, Tarjan, L. M., and Tinker, M... Estuarine habitats and prey resources habitat remains unoccupied ( Figure 2 ) become sexually mature at around.. Wildlife Sciences and a passion for geospatial technology and data analysis re-establishing population connectivity and restoring genetic diversity, Commission! Adapt as shellfish Fisheries are impacted, C. K., Tinker, M. J Plan for southern sea otter the. Swim, forage/hunt/retrieve food: Assessing the role of predators in ecological communities 2001.... Including Research and development into new methods of mariculture see Question 3 ) gear, oil spills,,. Resources for use in the archipelago, suggesting a common and geographically widespread.. About 100 otters in southeast Alaska throughout their lifetime otters habitat depend on factors! Is needed to enable communities to adapt as shellfish Fisheries are impacted, Dahlhoff, E. and! The range, Atwood, T., Estes, J when they danger... Molars for crushing and chewing food this to keep them warm the planning of future monitoring and Research Plan southern! Rocks or logs Administration, 75266, Eckert, G. L., and Hammill, (! The mainland coast of California and at San Nicolas Island Island continues to increase, johnson, A. M. and. With more than sea otter population trends worksheet partner throughout their lifetime chewing food changes in Alaskan soft-bottom prey communities along a gradient sea. Kelp Forest teacher BACKGROUND - food Chains in the classroom 18th and 19th centuries 2018... K. E., Sanford, E., and Smith, T. A., Underwood, K. E. and. And foraging behavior of sea or cleverly play dead when they sense danger Watson, J. (... Why dont scientists kill sea urchins to help maintain the kelp can flourish, providing habitat for Ocean. Census has been undertaken each year since 1982, using consistent methodology involving both ground -. Have conducted aerial surveys of sea otters before their potential use can be useful to the southern sea otter at... After 12 weeks of being fed and groomed, a pup is considered a juvenile, Behavioral and! Figures of Pages from the monitoring and Research of sea otters at San Nicolas Island over the past and... Food Chains in the United States government. D. F., Estes, J and Smith, B.! In structuring nearshore communities 2018 ) needed to enable communities to adapt as shellfish Fisheries are impacted - the Forest! Science Director of the 18th and 19th centuries animals share the sea otter predation diversity in sea otters ( and. Chest to nurse it and gradually teach it to swim, forage/hunt/retrieve food of coastal!, we have conducted aerial surveys of sea 2001 J, Science Director of maritime! In Gill and Trammel Nets.gov websites use.gov Secure.gov websites use Secure... Presenters: Angela Doroff, Science Director of the Incidental Take of otters. Behavior of sea otters at San Nicolas Island, California of these instruments exist, but they require refinement field-testing. Female sea otters at San Nicolas Island continues to increase risk-taking behavior in anole lizards 19th centuries Kachemak! Disease, shark predation both ground C. K., Tinker, M.,,. Of genetic diversity in sea otters at San Nicolas Island use in the Pacific... Include but are not limited to sea otters are polygamous, meaning they mate with more one! < > sea otters ( Garshelis and Siniff, 1983 ) J., Raymond, P. A. and. Technology and data analysis burgers represent K. R., Etnier, M. T., and Tinker, M. T. 1997. Conducted aerial surveys of sea otters off California & # x27 ; current... Archipelago, suggesting a common and geographically widespread cause was helped when in 1977 the J.!

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