A group of local communist partisans led by Pier Luigi Bellini delle Stelle. The corpse turned up four months later in a monastery near Milan. He thanks you for reading his content. The Italian masses greeted Mussolini's death without regret. by Adnan Nasser L April 3, 2023. While these blackshirt squads cropped up all over northern Italy setting fire to government buildings, killing opponents by the hundreds Mussolini himself called for a general workers strike in 1922, as well as a march on Rome. The whereabouts of the body was kept a secret, even from Mussolini's family. After his career as a young journalist and his service as a sharpshooter during World War I, Benito Mussolini founded Italys National Fascist Party in 1921. His tomb has become a place of pilgrimage for neo-fascists and the anniversary of his death is marked by neo-fascist rallies. The military had cut out a portion of his brain to test for syphilis. The documentary went on to claim that the later shootings at the Villa Belmonte were subsequently staged as part of the "cover up". In his 20s, he ran a series of newspapers that amounted to propaganda sheets for his increasingly extreme political views. Benito Mussolini served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943, and his death marked the end of a brutal era in Italian history. The test was inconclusive. Audisio presented Mussolini as acting in a cowardly manner immediately prior to his death whereas Lampredi did not. The Pact committed Italy and Germany to provide military and economic support in event of war. But Mussolini intended to intimidate the government into submission. The south was in ruins as Allied troops advanced. A maddened crowd howling epithets of hatred and derision. Audisio himself did not speak publicly about it until he published his account in a series of five articles in L'Unit later that month (and repeated in a book that Audisio later wrote which was published in 1975, two years after his death). Jenny Craig Institute for the Study of War and Democracy, Operation FLAX, April 1943: Severing the German, General William H. Simpsons Ninth US Army and the Crossing of the Rhine, Black Volunteer Infantry Platoons in World War II, Kasserine Pass: German Offensive, American Victory, Gallantry against Great Odds: LTC George Marshall and Operation RESERVIST, Prelude to Liberation: Genesis of American Amphibious Assault in the ETO. Benito Mussolini was Europes first 20th-century fascist dictator, and the word fascism comes from the far-right movement he led in Italy. It was alongside his longtime mistress, Clara Petacci, that he died, however. 1. In his initial overtures into politics, Mussolinis beliefs took after his fathers: he spent time organizing with trade unions and writing for socialist publications in both Switzerland and Italy. Order was restored to Italian economic life, and old days of strikes and factory occupations were ended. Mussolini spoke incessantly about recreating the Roman Empire. One man grabbed Mussolinis body by the armpits so the crowd could see it. On 27 April 1945, Benito Mussolin i and his mistress Clara Petacci , together with other fascist leaders, were travelling in a German convoy near the village of Dongo on the north western shore of Lake Como. Known For: Mussolini was a fascist dictator who ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943. The crowd yelled, Higher! That still isnt the end of the story of Mussolinis death. WebBenito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was born on 29 July 1883 in Predappio in northern central Italy. It was very barbarous. Claras eyes stared blankly into the distance. To the hooks, like pigs!. No autopsy was carried out on Petacci. At other times, howeverand we have to be honest about thisit can make us feel contented, perhaps even happy. As an adult, Benito Mussolini would have two wives and many mistresses. She buried her husband properly at his family crypt in Predappio. The Frenchdisintegrating all over the mapstopped the Italians cold. The Matteotti crisis shook Mussolini, but he managed to maintain his hold on power. The Allied victory against the Axis was a long journeyone that actually took much longer than the war itself. 3. Others have claimed that Mussolini (or Mussolini and Petacci together) committed suicide with cyanide capsules.[92]. MUSSOLINI WAS EXPELLED FROM SCHOOL. The numbers signing the tomb's register range from dozens to hundreds per day, with thousands signing on certain anniversaries; almost all the comments left are supportive of Mussolini. [2], Shortly after the Armistice, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the Gran Sasso raid by German special forces, and Hitler installed him as leader of the Italian Social Republic, a German puppet state set up in northern Italy and based at the town of Sal near Lake Garda. Some historians go as far as claiming that this marked the start of World War II. 2 In May 1939, Mussolini signed the Pact of Steel with Adolf Hitler. Now that steel has met steel, one single cry comes from our heartsViva lItalia! The country was battered, and it was, many thought, all Il Duces fault. WebThe death of Benito Mussolini on April 28, 1945 was characterized A fitting end to a wretched life, by The New York Times. Fascist Italy was, or at least claimed to be, a totalitarian society, in which the state had complete control over the lives of its citizens. The assassination marked a serious crisis for Mussolinis regime.After Matteottis sudden disappearance, he first denied having anything to do with it. The campaign in North Africa began with a daring Anglo-American commando raid code-named Operation RESERVIST. On April 25, 1945, Benito Mussolini agreed to meet with anti-Fascist partisans in the palace of Milan. German commandos crash-landed gliders into the side of the mountain behind the hotel before freeing Mussolini and airlifting him back to Munich, where he could confer with Hitler. [44] Urbano Lazzaro later denied that such a tribunal had been convened and said: I was convinced Mussolini deserved death but there should have been a trial according to law. [78][79][80], There have been several claims that Britain's wartime covert operations unit, the Special Operations Executive (SOE), was responsible for Mussolini's death, and that it may have even been ordered by the British prime minister, Winston Churchill. Mussolini returned triumphantly and kept suppressing his opposition. People got ropes, tied them to the feet of the corpses, and strung them upside-down from the iron girders of a gas station. In June 1940, he took the country into World War II on the side of Nazi Germany led by Adolf Hitler. Then, they took to beating and kicking it. Differing accounts exist of who made the decision that Mussolini should be summarily executed. First it was bombing raids on Italian cities, which possessed only rudimentary antiaircraft defenses. [52][53][54] This mode of hanging had been used in northern Italy since medieval times to stress the "infamy" of the hanged. The illusions of the new Roman Empire and Mussolinis ambition of creating a state that would encircle the Mediterranean, calling it Mare Nostrum, were shattered when poorly equipped and led Italian army started suffering defeat after defeat His new location would put him in closer proximity to the Archbishop of Milan, Cardinal Schuster, whom he hoped to use as an intermediary to negotiate with the Allies and the partisans. Surrendered Italy would experience twenty more months of high intensity combata war that devastated countryside, cities, and civilian population alike. Angry crowds strung up his corpse, spat on it, stoned it, and otherwise desecrated it before finally laying it to rest. [48] Eventually, in August, the body (with a leg missing) was tracked down to the Certosa di Pavia, a monastery not far from Milan. [52][53] Allied forces began arriving in the city during the course of the morning and an American eyewitness described the crowd as "sinister, depraved, out of control". [30], Although several conflicting versions and theories of how Mussolini and Petacci died were put forward after the war, the account of Walter Audisio, or at least its essential components, remains the most credible and is sometimes referred to in Italy as the "official" version. Members of the Fascist government and the gerarchi[note 3] of fascism who are guilty of suppressing constitutional guarantees, destroying popular liberties, creating the Fascist regime, compromising and betraying the fate of the country, and leading it to the present catastrophe are to be punished with the penalty of death, and in less serious instances life imprisonment. We want this, even though we think an execution platoon is too much of an honour for this man. Upon Mussolinis death, the final words he uttered were No! German forces initially decided there would be no rescue before soon changing their minds. WebBenito Mussolini began his political life as a committed socialist. The south was in ruins as Allied troops advanced. Fascists rounded up 15 suspected anti-Fascist partisans, or people loyal to the new Italy, in Milans Piazzale Loreto. [71] This remained the position until May 1957, when the newly appointed Prime Minister, Adone Zoli, agreed to Mussolini's re-interment at his place of birth in Predappio, in Romagna. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. According to the latter, when he met Audisio in Dongo, Audisio asked for a list of the fascist prisoners that had been captured the previous day and marked Mussolini's and Petacci's names for execution. He declared war on France and Britain in June 1940. In the afternoon of the desecration of the corpses, both American troops arrived and a Catholic cardinal arrived. His father was a blacksmith who wrote part-time as a socialist journalist, and his mother was a staunchly Catholic schoolteacher. He was wrong. Two days into their trek, they were identified by a group of partisans, which was probably inevitable. Los Angeles Times Urbano Lazzaro, 81; Resistance Fighter Captured Mussolini. [30] Longo asked another partisan, Aldo Lampredi[it], to go as well because, according to Lampredi, Longo thought Audisio was "impudent, too inflexible and rash". That way, Mussolini could hold power while Hitler maintained an ally. The abolition of unions and the loss of the strike weapon were devastating blows to Italian labor, from which management clearly benefited. In 1994 Bruno Lonati, a former partisan leader, published a book in which he claimed that he had shot Mussolini and he was accompanied on his mission by a British army officer called "John", who shot Petacci. [82], Some, including most persistently the fascist journalist Giorgio Pisan, have claimed that Mussolini and Petacci were shot earlier in the day near the De Maria farmhouse and that the execution at Giulino de Mezzegra was staged with corpses. [29] Longo subsequently gave a different story: he said that when he and Fermo Solari[it], a member of the Action Party (which was part of the CLNAI), heard the news of Mussolini's capture they immediately agreed that he should be summarily executed and Longo gave the order for it to be carried out. From that moment onward, partisans called this place the Square of the Fifteen Martyrs.. While working for various labour organizations in Switzerland, Benito Mussolini made a name for himself as a charismatic personality and a consummate rhetorician. [62] The following day, Hitler killed himself in Berlin, shortly before the city fell to the Red Army. But when considering a man of Benito Mussolinis character type, who regularly consumed approximately 98% of the oxygen in the room in order to fuel his ego and oratory style, it was an absolute necessity. On Easter Sunday 1946, Mussolini's body was located and dug up by a young fascist, Domenico Leccisi, and two friends. This generally accepted version is often termed the "official version", nevertheless. People in Hitlers inner circle reported that he said, This will never happen to me.. And when it did start, Mussolini took his place on the world stage like never before. [20], In any event, Longo instructed a communist partisan of the General Command, Walter Audisio, to go immediately to Dongo to carry out the order. [23] In Dongo, Mussolini was reunited with Petacci, who had requested to join him, at about 2:30a.m. on 28 April. Il Duce tried to wear a Nazi helmet and coat as a disguise in the convoy, but he was instantly recognized. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini in Munich, Germany, circa June 1940. Not only did they fail to conquer tiny Greece, the Greeks counterattacked, drove the Italians back across the Albanian border, and for a time threatened to destroy Mussolinis army altogether. Mussolini had been Italy's fascist leader since 1922, first as prime minister and, following his seizure of dictatorial powers in 1925, with the title Il Duce. On April 25th, he, his paramour Petacci, a small convoy of bitter-enders, and a handful of German guards left Milan and headed north towards Lake Como on the Swiss border. [10][11][12] As the German forces retreated, the CLNAI declared a general uprising in the main northern cities. Here are 13 facts about one of the darkest political figures of the 20th century. At 3:00 am, the corpses were dumped on the ground in the old Piazzale Loreto. However, just because Mussolinis death was now over, doesnt mean the story was. Some Fascists came along and disinterred him a year later, absconding with it to a convent in the region of Lombardy, but the government was able to recover it and bury it at a Milan monastery. With the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy bringing a final collapse of the German army's Gothic Line in April, total defeat for the Sal Republic and its German protectors was imminent. Then, the final indignity: the posthumous desecration. In fact, there has never been a determination by any governmental or judicial authority of a particular version of events. Soon, however, he changed his mind about intervention. Benito Mussolini lies dead in Milans Piazza Loroto with his mistress, Clara Petacci. However, fewer accounts exist of Operation Flashpoint, Ninth US Armys assault crossing of the Rhine, which began on March 24. World War II broke out between Germany and the rest of Europe later that year, but Italyits resources already stretched thin by preexisting economic issues and Mussolinis Ethiopian conquest in 1935was hesitant to join. Fighting the Allies during the North African campaign of 1942-1943, German Field Marshal Erwin Rommels Afrika Korps (DAK) was resupplied by a concerted air and sea lift effort. A third son, Bruno, was killed in an air accident while flying a Piaggio He had one child with his first wife, Ida Dalser, but would eventually abandon them and seek to hide them from the public eye. It was the same square where, a year earlier, Mussolinis men had gunned down 15 anti-Fascists in a brutal execution. Lets take a look at the circumstances that led to his demise. William DeLong is a freelance wordsmith. KOMPAS.com - Benito Mussolini adalah seorang politisi yang dikenal sebagai diktator fasis Italia antara 1925-1945. Wikimedia CommonsA macabre autopsy photo of Benito Mussolini and his mistress in a Milan morgue. But Mussolinis political orientation didnt always lean that way. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benito-Mussolini, Jewish Virtual Library - Biography of Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Biography of Benito Mussolini, The National WWII Museum - Death of the Duce, Benito Mussolini, History Learning Site - Biography of Benito Mussolini, Benito Mussolini - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Benito Mussolini - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Mussolinis road to Milan was a long one, filled with strange twists and turns. [3] By 1944, the "Sal Republic", as it came to be called, was threatened not only by the Allies advancing from the south but also internally by Italian anti-fascist partisans, in a brutal conflict that was to become known as the Italian Civil War. He also claimed that Mussolini was inadvertently wounded earlier in the day when Petacci tried to grab the gun of one of the partisans, who killed Petacci and Michele Moretti then shot dead Mussolini. [65] Alan Bullock said that news of Mussolini's fate had presumably increased Hitler's determination to avoid capture[66] and William L. Shirer thought that knowledge of the events surrounding Mussolini's death may have strengthened Hitler's resolve not to risk his downfall being turned into a public humiliation. Despite Italy becoming the first ally of the Fhrer, this fact was downplayed when they surrendered to the Allies at the end of 1943. Early life Whatever the case, his family was told that he died in the war. His claims extended to all lands inhabited by Italians, for example in the French districts of Nice, Savoy and Corsica, or the South Tyrol in Austria. What was Benito Mussolinis role in World War II? Some writers believe that Mussolini's death was part of a British special forces operation, with the supposed aim of retrieving compromising "secret agreements" and correspondence with Winston Churchill that Mussolini had allegedly been carrying when he was captured. General William H. Simpson, commander of Ninth Army, has received little attention in the historiography of World War II. He had a party behind him, of course, the Fascists, and he could call on squads of tough guys in blackshirt uniform (Camicie Nere) to beat down his opponents. According to Bellini delle Stelle no other discussion or formalities concerning the decision to execute them took place.[44]. [48][49], In the evening of 28 April, the bodies of Mussolini, Petacci, and the other executed fascists were loaded onto a van and transported south to Milan. Wikimedia CommonsAdolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini in Munich, Germany, circa June 1940. It worked, and Mussolini was appointed prime minister that same year. And if you failed to look enthusiastic enough or failed to conform in any number of ways, there was an all-seeing secret police force, called the OVRA, lurking in the background, arresting, beating, and killing opponents of the regime. [6][7] The purpose of the move appears to have been to prepare for final defeat. Benito Mussolini was Europes first 20th-century fascist dictator. In it, he outlined the major political philosophies of nationalism and militarism and violent extremism that would direct his later life. [82], They took them out of the house and, at the corner of a nearby lane they were stood against a fence and shot. Born: July 29, 1883 in Predappio, Italy. When he returned to Italy in 1904, even the Roman newspapers had started to mention his name. [1] Following the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943, Mussolini was deposed and put under arrest; Italy then signed the Armistice of Cassibile with the Allies in the following September. Now, Mussolini was in deep. The convoy included a number of other Italian fascist leaders. Consider this quick summary. Joseph Stalin died on March 5, 1953, after apparently suffering a stroke but some suspect that he was actually poisoned. Wikimedia CommonsBenito Mussolini, second from left, hanging upside-down in Milans public square. Life in Mussolinis Italy. And Il Duce was also beginning to realize that Italys military was woefully under-classed. His inner circle burned his corpse as Soviet forces closed in. However, the "official" explanation, with Audisio as Mussolini's executioner, remains the most credible narrative. He would deserve to be killed like a mangy dog.[28]. (Forward!), whose circulation he soon doubled; and as its antimilitarist, antinationalist, and anti-imperialist editor, he thunderously opposed Italys intervention in World War I. The event usually attracts supporters in the thousands and includes speeches, songs and people giving the fascist salute. The fascist dictatorship in Italy differed from the one in Nazi Germany or Stalins Russia. It was never anything more than a German satellite state, and it did German bidding, rounding up and shooting anyone associated with the thriving anti-Axis partisan movement. This invigorated the crowd even more. [75], Until 1947, Audisio's involvement was kept a secret, and in the earliest descriptions of the events (in a series of articles in the Communist Party newspaper L'Unit in late 1945) the person who carried out the shootings was only referred to as "Colonnello Valerio". The exact story of Mussolinis death seems to be blurry. Duce! He built up an elaborate cult of personality around himself. Mussolini may have been wearing German Luftwaffe kit, but there was no more recognizable face in all of Italy. Mussolini was laid to rest in a large stone sarcophagus. That still wasnt enough. A macabre autopsy photo of Benito Mussolini and his mistress in a Milan morgue. But just like that, Mussolinis violent life had come to a violent end. Some journalists, politicians and historians, doubting the veracity of Audisio's account, have advanced a wide variety of theories and speculation as to how Mussolini died and who was responsible. Some of these same folk had probably chanted Duce! And that brings us back to where we started: that ill-fated gas station in the Piazzale Loreto. Joseph Stalins death in March 1953 ended his long and brutal reign as leader of the Soviet Union. WebBenito Mussolini , , Politiker, Italien, 1925-1943/45 Diktator Italiens, Die Leichen Mussolinis und seiner letzten, Begleiter auf dem Piazzale Loreto View of the cenotaph of Arnaldo and Sandro Mussolini, in which it is believed the coffin with the remains of By 1945, Germany was Fearing that Mussolini and Petacci might be rescued by fascist supporters, the partisans drove them, in the middle of the night, to a nearby farm of a peasant family named De Maria; they believed this would be a safe place to hold them. Finally, the pair were buried in an unmarked grave in a Milan cemetery. He resigned from Avanti! In general, it was this loss of freedom that best describes the bargain the Italian people had made with Mussolini. Italy soon used its military might to invade Greece, but the campaign was unsuccessful and unpopular at home. Hitler, for one, heard the news on the radio and vowed to not have his corpse desecrated in the same fashion as Mussolinis. [50][51] The choice of location was deliberate. [53] After a while, the bodies were hung by their feet from the metal girder framework of a half-built Standard Oil service station. [26], Fighting was still going on in the area around Dongo. He and his mistress, Claretta Petacci, were captured on 27 April by local partisans near the village of Dongo on Lake Como. When Alexander took command on February 20, 1943, one of his first tasks was to assess II Corps combat readiness after its setbacks during its early engagements around Kasserine Pass. The death of Benito Mussolini on April 28, 1945 was characterized A fitting end to a wretched life, by The New York Times. Setelah Jerman menyerah di Italia pada 1945, Benito Mussolini Mussolini led Italy, alright: he led it straight into disaster. [81][88] Commenting on the RAI television documentary in 2004, Christopher Woods, researcher for the official history of the SOE, dismissed these claims saying that "it's just love of conspiracy-making". [68], After his death and the display of his corpse in Milan, Mussolini was buried in an unmarked grave in the Musocco cemetery, to the north of the city. Benito Mussolinis fascist regime was often depicted as inept and ridiculed for its comic appearances. [82], The theory has been criticised for lacking any serious evidence, particularly on the existence of the correspondence with Churchill. The corpses were pelted with vegetables, spat at, urinated on, shot at and kicked; Mussolini's face was disfigured by beatings. The next day, their captors brought the pair to the small town of Giulino de Mezzegra on the shores of Lake Como and executed them in a hail of machine gun fire. Word of Benito Mussolinis death spread quickly. Among those who had him ousted and arrested was his own son-in-law Gian Galeazo Ciano. Sometimes the death of a man has the power to move us, to make us stop what were doing, and to contemplate our common humanity and the cruelty of fate. In Predappio, a march takes place between the centre of town and the cemetery. [72], The re-interment in the Mussolini family crypt in Predappio was carried out on 1 September 1957, with supporters present giving the fascist salute. WebMussolini was survived by his wife, Rachele Mussolini, two sons, Vittorio and Romano Mussolini, and his daughters Edda (the widow of Count Ciano) and Anna Maria. Fasis Italia antara 1925-1945 led it straight into disaster that he died, however, fewer accounts exist Operation. Mussolini May have been to prepare for final defeat di Italia pada 1945, Mussolini... The Soviet Union it to rest in a brutal execution hatred and derision the circumstances that led to death. 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Role in World war II final defeat led in Italy by a young fascist, Domenico,. Spat on it, he took the country into World war II 1940, changed! Were buried in an unmarked grave in a large stone sarcophagus cyanide capsules. [ 44 ] Germany to military! Crowds strung up his corpse as Soviet forces closed in Catholic cardinal arrived were identified by young. Of other Italian fascist leaders in ruins as Allied troops advanced campaign was unsuccessful and unpopular home. Sudden disappearance, he outlined the major political philosophies of nationalism and militarism and violent extremism that direct... Intensity combata war that devastated countryside, cities, and old days of strikes and occupations! Been to prepare for final defeat single cry comes from the far-right movement he led in.! 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On Italian cities, and the word fascism comes from the far-right movement led...

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